ANcpr MoRrLro, NoRBERTHeNBr & EspERANZA MenriN (eds.) LNNITES XX XX CONGRESONNI|ER.NACNONAt Dtr ESTUDNOSSOtsRELA F'RONTER.ARON,IIANA X' lNTERA\TAzONAL CONGRESSOF"RoA4AN F.RoNzER STUDTES Le6n (Espafia),Septiembre,2006 Congresocelebradobajo la presidenciade honor de su Majestadel Rey de Espafia y con el apoyode la Universidadde Le6n At.jos de Gladius T3 (Vol. 3) CoNseJoSupnruoRDEINvnstlcRcroNEsCrpNrirrcas Ixsrrruto Hrsr6ruco HoppMpysR.INsrrruro DEArqunoloclR op MBnron EorcroNr,sPoupEMo Madrid, 2009 ROMAN HORSE HARNESSFITTINGS FROM BURGEIUAE IveN RnovnN-LIveTe Numerous Roman finds have been discovered on the site of Novi Banovci since the 19'h cenrury. The village is situated on the Danube river, in the southwestern part of the Serbian province of Vojvodina. The large number of finds is easily explainable considering the fact that the village occupies the spot of a Roman frontier fort. Before the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire the archaeological finds from that area were usually dispatched to the Archaeological department of the Croatian National Museum. Nowadays, due to that fact, agreat number of archaeologicalfinds discoveredon the sites of the Srijem region, as this part of Vojvodina is called, are kept in the Archaeological Museum in Zagreb. Among them is a fairly large collection of Roman finds from Novi Banovci, i.e. Burgenae. Some of them have been published since, but the majority still awaits a thorough analysis and publication. Considering the extent of that collection, and the limited amount of spacefor this paper, obviously a selection had to be made. During the ROMEC congressheld in Budapest in 2005,I presented the belt fitting finds from Burgenaeand for this occasion, I have chosen to presenr the finds of horse harnessfittings, which can be attributed with a high level of certainry to the Roman military horse harness. There is no need to present in too much detail the history of the site and the military units that garrisoned Burgenaesince this topic has been extensively discussedin several publications (Ljubi6, 1879:99-100; 1889: 62-63; BrunSmid, 1895: 172-180; Frohlich, 1892:40-44; Patsch, 1899: 1062; Brunbmid, 1901: 156-168; Radn6ti & Bark6czi, l95I: 215-216; Dimitrtjevi| 196l: 93-94; Klemenc, 196I: 22; Pileti6 & RaIi e, 196I: 87; Klemenc, 1963: 66; Pileti6, 1972: 7 -14; 1986: 138- 1 4 0 ; 1 9 8 9 : 8 2 -8 5 ; L o ri n c z ,2 0 01: 6I, 63, 66, 59,72, 75,80, 82), and I w i l l therefore just offer a short overview. \Mhile there is no much doubt that the fort was built during the Flavian period at the latest, nothing is known for sure about its garrison in the first decades of its existence.Some authors presume that the cohorsII Asturum et Callaecorummight have been the first unit stationed there, but this assumption is far from being certain (Spaul, 2000: 81; Lorincz,2O0I: 29, 63). The same could be said about the coltorsV Gallorum, which might have been in BurgenaeduringTlaiant reign (Spaul,2000: 168-169; Lorincz, 200I: 34-35,80, 82). The ala I ciuium Romanorumisthought to have garrisoned Burgenaebetween 118 or 119 and 138 AD, an assumption which seemsquite likely (Spaul, 1994:85-86; Lorincz,200I: 18, 88- 8e). 1500 LIMES )C( Gladius,Aneios 13, 2009 Although there are many uncertainties about the garrisoning units during the early history of Burgenae, i.e. the Flavian and Tfaianic periods, most aurhors agree that the cohorsI Thracum ciuium Romanorum pia fdelis was stationed in Burgenae after 138 AD. It seemsthat it remained there for a very long time, probably until the second half of the 3'd cenrury AD, when it was moved to Bassianae(Radn6ti & Bark6czi, I95l 215-216; Dimitriievi6, 1961: 94; Klemenc, 196l: 22; D u 5 a n i i , 1 9 6 8 : 9 6 -9 7 ; E a d i e, 1977:218; V i sy, 1988: 130; S paul ,2000: 36I-352; Ltirincz, 2001: 42,90,99-101). The older authors believed that it could have been replacedby the coltors III Alpinorum after the reign of Marcus Aurelius, bur that seems quite unlikely (\7agner, 1938:85-86; 189-190; Dimitrijevi6, 195511957:299-300;Klemenc, 1953:66). The names of some units are recorded for the 4'h century AD as well: one detachment of the legio V Iouia, the equitesDalmatae and the cuneusequitum Constantianorum 1 (Dimitrijevi6, 196l:94; Klemenc, 196l:22;Yisy, 1988: 130). As one can see,numerous units of the Roman army are recorded or believed to have been stationed in the Burgenaefort during almost four centuries of its existence. The small copper-alloy phalera (cat. 1) according to Bishops rypology of Roman cavalry equipment, is akin to his functional typ. 2f while the front side of this phalera coffesponds to Bishopt decorative type 2a. This type of phalerawas most probably associatedwith a pendant and servedno functional purposesexceptas a pendant mount (Bishop, 1988: 94-95, 135-141). It can be roughly dated to the 1" century AD, probably starting from the Claudian time to the early2"d century at the latest (Bishop & Coulston 1993:105; Rabeisen,1990: 80, 84-85; Deschler-Erb, 1999: 59; Chapman, 2005: 132-133). There are four, more or less well preserved junction loops among the harness fittings from Burgenae.The fragment (cat.2) probablybelongs to Bishopt rype 1, i.e. the spectaclerype, but the subtype cannot be determined. The rypes of the other three junction loops are far easierto determine. There is a nicely preservedjunction loop of 2atype (cat.3), the largestspecimen of rectangular shapewith a broad decorated band at the upper end (cat. 4) is related to the type 5e, while the simple rectangular junction loop (cat. 5) could be determined as rype 8h. (Bishop, 1988: 100). They can all be dated to the 1" and early 2"d century AD or even somewhat later (Deschler-Erb, 1999: 61; Chapman, 2005: 133-136). The copper alloy strap terminal (cat. 6) is also a very common item. This specimen corresPondsto the Bishopt la rype and can be dated to the 1" cenruryAD (Bishop, 1988: 103, 109, 154-165; Deschler-Erb,1999: 62; Chapman, 2005: 136-137). The strap mounts are fairly well representedin this small sample of harnessfittings. The rwo larger ones seem to correspond to Bishopt 6d rype. Actually, the better-preserved one (cat. 8) definitely does, while the fragmented one (cat. 7) is certainly related. The latter one still bears tracesof niello. The three smaller ones are related to Bishopt 6b rype. The best preservedone (cat. 9) shows clear traces of coating, most probably silvering and traces of niello, which might also be presenr on the other two (cat. 10 and 11). All of them can be dated to the 1" cenrury AD (Ulb ert, 1959: 94, T . 19, 1 _ 3 ;Bi s h o p , 1 9 g g : 1 7 0 _ 1 7 3 ;D eschl er_E rb, 1999: G3). The teardrop-shapedpendant (cat. 12) is a quite common item among Roman horse harness finds. This particular pendant with simple openwork decoration correspondsto Bishopt rype 5d. That rype of pendants can be dated from the reign of Claudius ro the Tlaianic period, perhaps even longer (Bishop, 1988: 96,98; Deschler-Erb,1999:57). r Notitia Dignitatum, (Pann. II) Occ. 32, 5=24, 18=37,46. Gladius,Anejos 13, 2009 MOESIA & DACIA 1501 The lunate pendants are also extremely common and present a very wide range of forms. They have been used for an extensiveperiod of time, from the Augustan period to the early 3'd century and the most common types are therefore hard to date preciselywhen one lacks an archaeological context (Oldenstein,1976 162-164; Bishop, 1988: 98; James,2004:88).It seemsthat the earlier forms were most often flat. Therefore, those two pieces would rather belong to the 2"d century AD. The larger fragmented lunate pendant (cat. 13) is somewhat remindful of Bishopt 9d rype, but its knobbed terminal would also be an argument in favour of dating it to the 2"dcentury AD. The smaller lunate pendant with knobbed terminals closing a circle (cat. 14) corresponds to Bishops rype 9m which also seem to be more common in the later period, i.e. from the mid 2"d century AD onward. The thin fragmented harnessfitting (cat. 15) belongs to a type which is variously described as heart-shaped or pelta-shaped and which is quite common. Its shape is related to the peltiform fittings common from the mid 2"d century AD onwards but it would seem that such larger flat specimens are earlier in date and that they can be dated from the second half of the 1" century AD to the mid 2"d century AD. Although many found specimens bear traces of coating, either tinning or silvering and niello, there are no such traceson this fitting (Unz, I97I: 50, Kat. 54; Ol d ens t ein,1976:1 8 1 -1 8 2 ,K a t. 5 4 1 -6 4 2 ; R a b e i sen,1990: 84, 88; D eschl er-E rb,1999 58-70; Radman-Livaja, 2004: I 08-1 09). The rwo openwork copper alloy leaf-shapedpendants decorated with volutes (sometimes such pendants are also referred to as heart-shaped pendants) find analogies among late 2"d and 3'd century material (Oldenstein, 1976:130, Kat. 229-233;James,2004:90, Cat. 227). The larger specimen (cat. 16) is fragmented and is missing its fasteningloop as well as its end knob, but the smaller piece (cat. 17) is well preservedand has a fastening loop, which was probably meant for a hinge. Its end knob is shell-shaped. The small peltate stud with volutes and an upper terminal in the form of a fleur-de-lys (cat. 18) is one of the many variants of this very common type of fitting. Such studs have been used since the mid 2'd century AD, and their use continued for a long time, till the 4'h century AD (Oldenstein, 1975: I78-I81; Aurrecoechea,1996: 99, I03-105). The rwo small fittings (cat. 19 and 20), described as leaf or almond-shaped fittings with a knob end, are not uncommon among 3'dcentury harnessfitting finds, as witnessed by finds from Zugmantel, Sisak or Tbutoburgium(Schleiermacher,2000:1S8. T. 8,22; Radman-Livaja,2004: I17 , Kat. 530; Radman-Livaja, 2005: 941, Cat. 42-44). Three copper alloy pieces from Burgenaeare most probably bridle mounts. The shapeof the lentoid bridle mount (cat.21) is remindful of some bridle mounts found in Pannonia, namely from the wagon gravesof Kozdrmisleny and Baldca in Hungary, dated to the Iate 2"d and 3'd century AD (Paligyi, 1997: 467, Fig. 6.70, 6.73). The oval bridle mount with four openings (cat. 22) is similar to one specimen from Zugmantel, which could also be dated to the 3'dcentury AD (Schleiermacher,2000: 170, I80, T. 5.8). The small elaboratelyshapedbridle mount (cat.23) is similar to one bridle mount from Dura Europos(James,2004:99, Cat. 349), and its shapecorrespondscloselyto one bridle mount found in Sisak(Radman-Livap,2004: I78, Kat. 540). The fragmented openwork phalera (cat. 24) is not unlike some specimens from Carnuntum (Junkelmann, 1996:84). The peltate decoration is quite rypical for horse harnessphalerae dated to the period betweenthe late 2"d and mid 3'd centuryAD (Oldenstein, 1975:236;Btshop & Coulston, 1993: 157; James,2004: 96). One should not exclude the possibiliry that it might originally have served as a snaffle bit cheek-piece. r502 LIMES )O( Gladius,Anejos 13, 2009 I Hffi w d;hw l''..,1i1 B l::,,:ii:jl W ,,r;l W 1 ; , .:1I W W l#w j J Y f u It n t $ c d n a H W ffi ffiw fl a.$Y ilfi I ffi W I W lri[ TI / t 10 FIc. 1. Catalogue(drawingsby Miljenka Galic) 11 Gladius,Aneios 13, 2009 MOESIA& DACIA r503 The peltate phalera with its three junction loops still in place (cat. 25) must have served as a breast junction, with one strap running downwards, joining the saddle strap and the remaining two joining the shoulder straps. Although I was unable to find direct analogiesfor this rype of phalera, its outlook clearly points out to a Roman design. The combination of pelta motives and junction loops, which, as it seems,went out of use by the beginning of the 3'd century, would rather indicate a 2"d century or perhaps an early 3'd century dating. The shell-shapedfitting (cat. 26) was believed to be quite common in the western part of the empire, i.e. in Gaul and the Germanies but recent finds show that this type was actually quite widespread and is encountered from Britain till Pannonia, as well as in Italy and Mauretania Tingitana (Oldenstein, 1976: I87-I88, Kat. 696-703; Gschwind, 1998: 116-120, 130-132). As far as dating is concerned, they were certainly in use in the second half of the 3'dcentury AD, and it is quite plausible that they were still used in the first decadesof the 4s century AD. The two fragmented spurs (cat. 27 and 28) belong to a later period. Despite their state of preservation, they can be fairly easily identified as rivet spurs of the Leuna C ryp., which is often encountered on Pannonian sites. According to dated finds, that rype was used during the 4'h century AD (Giesler,1978: lI-I2,22-32). Obviously, one cannot expect far-reaching conclusions since those are only stray finds lacking any archaeologicalcontext, but their study can neverthelessgive us an interesting insight about the presenceof the Roman military units on that site. This is undeniably a very small sample but it is interesting to point out that, from a chronological point of view, those various finds of Roman horse harness fittings cover a span of over 300 years. One can see items from the 1" century, like the strap mounts or some junction loops as well as some finds dated to the late 3'd or the 4'h century AD, like the spurs or some studs, and in between finds quite common for the 2"d and most of the 3'o century AD. Obviously, those finds do not imply that cavalry units were stationed in Burgenaefrom the 1" to the 4'h century, but they neverthelessshow that horses were present in the fort on a regular basis.As far aswe know, one ala, the ala I ciuium Romanorum was probably stationed in Burgenae for several decades in the first half of the 2"d century, while the Notitia Dignitatura records rwo cavalry units stationed there in he 4'h century AD: the equitesDalmatae and the cuneusequitum Constantianorum.At least some of the finds might be related to those cavaby unirs, but it must be noticed that even infantry units had pack animals and their officers also had horses, which were probably similarly equipped as the mounts of cavalry troopers. As far as the first century is concerned, the lack of reliable data about the garrisoning units does not exclude the possibiliry that a cavaby unit might have spent some time in Burgenaeas well. As always, stray finds give us as much insight as they contribute to raise new questions. One can only hope that future finds, especiallyepigraphic ones, and perhaps new excavations,will give us more reliable data about Bargenae and its garrison. Cernrocun l. Phalera, length- 38 mm, width -36 mm (Fig.1, 1). 2. Junctionloop,length- 26 mm, width - 12 mm (Fig.1,2). 3. Junctionloop,length-7I mm, width - 12 mm (Fig.1,3). 4. Junctionloop, length - 54 mm, width - 20 mm (Fig. l, 4). r504 Gladius,Anejos 13, 2009 LIMES )O( A WAW ffi'* /".."r?j N'',\ \'* p,;,,f \'.,/ \,'"i \/ i sL2 L4 m \' ,. 'il % w II w il W H H I I \y & 15 16 \;7W VW \cW 1.8 ri''f\) \ ffi 2L L9 20 k m uwl .--''l ffitr'$l 123 22 FIc. 2. Catalogue (drawings by Miljenka Galic) Gladius,Anejos 13, 2009 m 7//A W u//a 27 W WM w{-n w Ftc. 3. Catalogue(drawingsby Miljenka Galic) r506 LIMES )C( Gladius,Aneios 13, 2009 5. Junctionloop, Iength- 43 mm, width - 8 mm (Fig. 1' 5). 6. Strapterminal,length- 51 mm, width - 12 mm (Fig.1,6). 7. Strapmount,length- 81mm,width - 16 mm (Fig.1,7). 8. Strapmount,length- 80 mm, width - 16 mm (Fig.1, 8). 9. Strapmount, length-36 mm, width - 11 mm (Fig.1' 9). 10. Strapmount, length -29 mm, width - 9 mm (Fig. 1' 10). 11. Strapmount,length-36 mm, width - 10 mm (Fig.1, 11). 12. Pendant,length- 60 mm, width - 37 mm (Fig.2, 12). 13. Lunatependant,length- 52 mm, width - 51 mm (Fig.2, l3). 14. Lunatependant,length - 36 mm, width - 26 mm (Fig. 2, 14). 15. Flat peltiformfitting, length- 35 mm, width - 40 mm (Fig.2, l5). 16. Openworkpendant,length- 47 IDITI,width - 47 mm (Fig.2, 16) 17. Openworkpendant,length- 46 mm' width - 38 mm (Fig.2, 17). 18. Peltiformstud,length-24 mm, width -27 mm (Fig.2, 18). stud,length- 31 mm, width - 12 mm (Fig.2, I9). 19.Almond-shaped stud,length- 29 mm, width - 15 mm (Fig.2,20). 20. Almond-shaped 21. Bridlemount,length- 31 mm, width - 15 mm (Fig.2,21). 22. 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